Women Venetian Societal Views - 1156 Words

Race. Women. Men. Class. Poor. Rich. Royalty. In Shakespeare’s play, Othello, many issues are explored through a tragedy. The rights of women are being put to the test. There are three women, Bianca, Desdemona, and Emilia that play a major role in Othello. In the Elizabethan Era women were neither very respected, nor considered to be intelligent. Yet, the women hold most of the power in the Tragedy of Othello. The women are also the only characters that are able to maintain the trust among themselves and with others in the play. From being submissive to standing up for them, Othello holds understanding for women’s abilities in England during the 16th century. Shakespeare introduces and explores the issues of women’s rights, for better understanding, through the art of acting. Many people think that Desdemona, a wife to a powerful man, should have had more say in her own decisions. Feminism is seen as a strong problem in this historical period. There was not a choice between what the husband and the wife said. Sadly, what the husband says; goes. Whether this is the case or not, Desdemona herself says, â€Å"I am obedient† (Shakespeare 3.3), as she obeys Othello’s orders when they had a happy relationship. Through the relationship changes, Othello goes off in jealousy rages. She answers everything with â€Å"I will, my lord† (Shakespeare 4.3), even when the going gets rough. She is acceptant of her role as a submissive and an obedient wife. Emilia is a stronger characterShow MoreRelatedWomen Of The Elizabethan Society1471 Words   |  6 Pages Women of the Elizabethan society, such as in Shakespeare’s Othello, are particularly not considered as equal. Women were more often seen as less of people who need to be helped and aided by man. This ideology was spread by both men and women of that time by them playing into the gender roles of male and female. Othello gives a relative example of the male and female ideology being accepted and spread throughout society in the Elizabethan age. With it only being three women in the play, DesdemonaRead More Mens Control in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1437 Words   |  6 Pagescontrolled by men. Men, who live in the foreground of Venetian society, wield their power in business, government, and family life. In the background, women conduct their lives quietly. They are subservient to their husbands and fathers and are regarded as helpless and in need of male guidance in areas of decision making. Though in Shakespeare’s time such a societal structure was largely acceptable, the modern reader views the subjugation of women with aversion, and the ways in which Shakespeare presentsRead MoreThe Women in Othello Essay1080 Words   |  5 PagesThe women in Othello are synonymous with Venetian societal standards. Only three women are characters in Othello: Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca but the roles these women play give the reader an idea of how women were portrayed, not only in Shakespeares Othello but i n society in general. Women were viewed merely as possessions. After the Duke allows Desdemona to accompany Othello to Cyprus, Othello says To my conveyance I assign my wife (I.3.283), this statement implies that Desdemona and a possessionRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello, The Moor Of Venice Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesMoor of Venice by William Shakespeare, the women take on various roles in this Venetian society. The roles include committing fraud, playing the part of the victim, and playing the part of the hero. In this Venetian society in the 1600s, the women served major purposes and were vital to keep the towns running. However, the women also faced being victimized and stereotyped in this man-run society. Women were inferior to men, treated unequally, and women were also viewed as sexual objects rather thanRead MoreWomen s Treatment Of Women837 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout history. From times of severe incarceration to the near-equality of today, many valuable generalities can be drawn about societies from their treatment of women. Elizabethan Great Britain, heading the way of the medieval Renaissance, introduced previously unheard of customs of treating women. In Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello†, women play integral roles in the outcome of the play yet are treated just as poorly, if not more so, than the racially and socially oppressed Othello, the â€Å"Moor of Venice†Read MoreTheories of Entrepreneurship1647 Words   |  7 Pageshow society affects the actions of male and female entrepreneurs in similar and varying ways. Societal norms and conditions, in many parts of the world, influence not only the actions of entrepreneurs but also their personalities and behavioural traits and mind set. Sociological Theory of Entrepreneurship The sociological theory of entrepreneurship examines the influence of cultural and ideological views, social relationships and networks and organisational and structural factors on entrepreneurialRead MoreA Comparative Study of Othello and O991 Words   |  4 Pagesuniversal themes such as race and gender through the use of literary techniques appropriate to audiences of the time. ‘Othello’ was written in the Elizabethan era. Its characters and their language reflected much of the white European society’s views of race and gender. People of colour in England at that time were exceedingly rare. Those that there were were an unfamiliar sight, and they provoked feelings of distrust, hostility and mystery. The idea of a baptised Moor, much esteemed by the senatorsRead MorePeople Who Dont Fit the Norm1468 Words   |  6 PagesMaurice Gee, and Shakespeares `Othello. This report discusses some common themes that I discovered amongst these texts, I outline how these texts represent a common idea that literature both New Zealand and European, is trying to portray societys views on people and what is considered `normal. How influential are main characters personas in portraying people who dont `fit the norm? In one of the opening scenes in the film `The Piano, the main character Adas appearance immediately makesRead MoreAnalysis Of Guy De Maupassant s `` The Necklace `` Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pagesbasis for â€Å"The Necklace†, wrote in 1884. In this short story, Maupassant uses third-person objective point of view with cleverly contrast and ironic setting but also figurative background accross the plot to paint a picture of a typical low-paid clerk’s family in 1880s French society. The protagonist, Madame Matilda Loisel, throughout the story has demonstrated a theme of disparage societal position based on money, fame and glamour. As said before, one of Maupassant’s signature style of writing isRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello - Reconsidering Loyalty And Honesty2431 Words   |  10 Pagesand calls Iago a betrayer. Shakespeare does not waste any time developing the manipulative character of Iago, as his Machiavellian actions are introduced in the first scene of Othello. Iago is a soldier in the Venetian army, who wanted the position of the lieutenant. When Othello, the Venetian army general, appoints Cassio to this position instead of Iago, he begins to portray a revengeful character with problematic actions. When Iago states, â€Å"I am not what I am† (1.1.64), this is the first notion

Women Venetian Societal Views - 1156 Words

Race. Women. Men. Class. Poor. Rich. Royalty. In Shakespeare’s play, Othello, many issues are explored through a tragedy. The rights of women are being put to the test. There are three women, Bianca, Desdemona, and Emilia that play a major role in Othello. In the Elizabethan Era women were neither very respected, nor considered to be intelligent. Yet, the women hold most of the power in the Tragedy of Othello. The women are also the only characters that are able to maintain the trust among themselves and with others in the play. From being submissive to standing up for them, Othello holds understanding for women’s abilities in England during the 16th century. Shakespeare introduces and explores the issues of women’s rights, for better understanding, through the art of acting. Many people think that Desdemona, a wife to a powerful man, should have had more say in her own decisions. Feminism is seen as a strong problem in this historical period. There was not a choice between what the husband and the wife said. Sadly, what the husband says; goes. Whether this is the case or not, Desdemona herself says, â€Å"I am obedient† (Shakespeare 3.3), as she obeys Othello’s orders when they had a happy relationship. Through the relationship changes, Othello goes off in jealousy rages. She answers everything with â€Å"I will, my lord† (Shakespeare 4.3), even when the going gets rough. She is acceptant of her role as a submissive and an obedient wife. Emilia is a stronger characterShow MoreRelatedWomen Of The Elizabethan Society1471 Words   |  6 Pages Women of the Elizabethan society, such as in Shakespeare’s Othello, are particularly not considered as equal. Women were more often seen as less of people who need to be helped and aided by man. This ideology was spread by both men and women of that time by them playing into the gender roles of male and female. Othello gives a relative example of the male and female ideology being accepted and spread throughout society in the Elizabethan age. With it only being three women in the play, DesdemonaRead More Mens Control in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1437 Words   |  6 Pagescontrolled by men. Men, who live in the foreground of Venetian society, wield their power in business, government, and family life. In the background, women conduct their lives quietly. They are subservient to their husbands and fathers and are regarded as helpless and in need of male guidance in areas of decision making. Though in Shakespeare’s time such a societal structure was largely acceptable, the modern reader views the subjugation of women with aversion, and the ways in which Shakespeare presentsRead MoreThe Women in Othello Essay1080 Words   |  5 PagesThe women in Othello are synonymous with Venetian societal standards. Only three women are characters in Othello: Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca but the roles these women play give the reader an idea of how women were portrayed, not only in Shakespeares Othello but i n society in general. Women were viewed merely as possessions. After the Duke allows Desdemona to accompany Othello to Cyprus, Othello says To my conveyance I assign my wife (I.3.283), this statement implies that Desdemona and a possessionRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello, The Moor Of Venice Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesMoor of Venice by William Shakespeare, the women take on various roles in this Venetian society. The roles include committing fraud, playing the part of the victim, and playing the part of the hero. In this Venetian society in the 1600s, the women served major purposes and were vital to keep the towns running. However, the women also faced being victimized and stereotyped in this man-run society. Women were inferior to men, treated unequally, and women were also viewed as sexual objects rather thanRead MoreWomen s Treatment Of Women837 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout history. From times of severe incarceration to the near-equality of today, many valuable generalities can be drawn about societies from their treatment of women. Elizabethan Great Britain, heading the way of the medieval Renaissance, introduced previously unheard of customs of treating women. In Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello†, women play integral roles in the outcome of the play yet are treated just as poorly, if not more so, than the racially and socially oppressed Othello, the â€Å"Moor of Venice†Read MoreTheories of Entrepreneurship1647 Words   |  7 Pageshow society affects the actions of male and female entrepreneurs in similar and varying ways. Societal norms and conditions, in many parts of the world, influence not only the actions of entrepreneurs but also their personalities and behavioural traits and mind set. Sociological Theory of Entrepreneurship The sociological theory of entrepreneurship examines the influence of cultural and ideological views, social relationships and networks and organisational and structural factors on entrepreneurialRead MoreA Comparative Study of Othello and O991 Words   |  4 Pagesuniversal themes such as race and gender through the use of literary techniques appropriate to audiences of the time. ‘Othello’ was written in the Elizabethan era. Its characters and their language reflected much of the white European society’s views of race and gender. People of colour in England at that time were exceedingly rare. Those that there were were an unfamiliar sight, and they provoked feelings of distrust, hostility and mystery. The idea of a baptised Moor, much esteemed by the senatorsRead MorePeople Who Dont Fit the Norm1468 Words   |  6 PagesMaurice Gee, and Shakespeares `Othello. This report discusses some common themes that I discovered amongst these texts, I outline how these texts represent a common idea that literature both New Zealand and European, is trying to portray societys views on people and what is considered `normal. How influential are main characters personas in portraying people who dont `fit the norm? In one of the opening scenes in the film `The Piano, the main character Adas appearance immediately makesRead MoreAnalysis Of Guy De Maupassant s `` The Necklace `` Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pagesbasis for â€Å"The Necklace†, wrote in 1884. In this short story, Maupassant uses third-person objective point of view with cleverly contrast and ironic setting but also figurative background accross the plot to paint a picture of a typical low-paid clerk’s family in 1880s French society. The protagonist, Madame Matilda Loisel, throughout the story has demonstrated a theme of disparage societal position based on money, fame and glamour. As said before, one of Maupassant’s signature style of writing isRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello - Reconsidering Loyalty And Honesty2431 Words   |  10 Pagesand calls Iago a betrayer. Shakespeare does not waste any time developing the manipulative character of Iago, as his Machiavellian actions are introduced in the first scene of Othello. Iago is a soldier in the Venetian army, who wanted the position of the lieutenant. When Othello, the Venetian army general, appoints Cassio to this position instead of Iago, he begins to portray a revengeful character with problematic actions. When Iago states, â€Å"I am not what I am† (1.1.64), this is the first notion

Women Venetian Societal Views - 1156 Words

Race. Women. Men. Class. Poor. Rich. Royalty. In Shakespeare’s play, Othello, many issues are explored through a tragedy. The rights of women are being put to the test. There are three women, Bianca, Desdemona, and Emilia that play a major role in Othello. In the Elizabethan Era women were neither very respected, nor considered to be intelligent. Yet, the women hold most of the power in the Tragedy of Othello. The women are also the only characters that are able to maintain the trust among themselves and with others in the play. From being submissive to standing up for them, Othello holds understanding for women’s abilities in England during the 16th century. Shakespeare introduces and explores the issues of women’s rights, for better understanding, through the art of acting. Many people think that Desdemona, a wife to a powerful man, should have had more say in her own decisions. Feminism is seen as a strong problem in this historical period. There was not a choice between what the husband and the wife said. Sadly, what the husband says; goes. Whether this is the case or not, Desdemona herself says, â€Å"I am obedient† (Shakespeare 3.3), as she obeys Othello’s orders when they had a happy relationship. Through the relationship changes, Othello goes off in jealousy rages. She answers everything with â€Å"I will, my lord† (Shakespeare 4.3), even when the going gets rough. She is acceptant of her role as a submissive and an obedient wife. Emilia is a stronger characterShow MoreRelatedWomen Of The Elizabethan Society1471 Words   |  6 Pages Women of the Elizabethan society, such as in Shakespeare’s Othello, are particularly not considered as equal. Women were more often seen as less of people who need to be helped and aided by man. This ideology was spread by both men and women of that time by them playing into the gender roles of male and female. Othello gives a relative example of the male and female ideology being accepted and spread throughout society in the Elizabethan age. With it only being three women in the play, DesdemonaRead More Mens Control in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1437 Words   |  6 Pagescontrolled by men. Men, who live in the foreground of Venetian society, wield their power in business, government, and family life. In the background, women conduct their lives quietly. They are subservient to their husbands and fathers and are regarded as helpless and in need of male guidance in areas of decision making. Though in Shakespeare’s time such a societal structure was largely acceptable, the modern reader views the subjugation of women with aversion, and the ways in which Shakespeare presentsRead MoreThe Women in Othello Essay1080 Words   |  5 PagesThe women in Othello are synonymous with Venetian societal standards. Only three women are characters in Othello: Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca but the roles these women play give the reader an idea of how women were portrayed, not only in Shakespeares Othello but i n society in general. Women were viewed merely as possessions. After the Duke allows Desdemona to accompany Othello to Cyprus, Othello says To my conveyance I assign my wife (I.3.283), this statement implies that Desdemona and a possessionRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello, The Moor Of Venice Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesMoor of Venice by William Shakespeare, the women take on various roles in this Venetian society. The roles include committing fraud, playing the part of the victim, and playing the part of the hero. In this Venetian society in the 1600s, the women served major purposes and were vital to keep the towns running. However, the women also faced being victimized and stereotyped in this man-run society. Women were inferior to men, treated unequally, and women were also viewed as sexual objects rather thanRead MoreWomen s Treatment Of Women837 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout history. From times of severe incarceration to the near-equality of today, many valuable generalities can be drawn about societies from their treatment of women. Elizabethan Great Britain, heading the way of the medieval Renaissance, introduced previously unheard of customs of treating women. In Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello†, women play integral roles in the outcome of the play yet are treated just as poorly, if not more so, than the racially and socially oppressed Othello, the â€Å"Moor of Venice†Read MoreTheories of Entrepreneurship1647 Words   |  7 Pageshow society affects the actions of male and female entrepreneurs in similar and varying ways. Societal norms and conditions, in many parts of the world, influence not only the actions of entrepreneurs but also their personalities and behavioural traits and mind set. Sociological Theory of Entrepreneurship The sociological theory of entrepreneurship examines the influence of cultural and ideological views, social relationships and networks and organisational and structural factors on entrepreneurialRead MoreA Comparative Study of Othello and O991 Words   |  4 Pagesuniversal themes such as race and gender through the use of literary techniques appropriate to audiences of the time. ‘Othello’ was written in the Elizabethan era. Its characters and their language reflected much of the white European society’s views of race and gender. People of colour in England at that time were exceedingly rare. Those that there were were an unfamiliar sight, and they provoked feelings of distrust, hostility and mystery. The idea of a baptised Moor, much esteemed by the senatorsRead MorePeople Who Dont Fit the Norm1468 Words   |  6 PagesMaurice Gee, and Shakespeares `Othello. This report discusses some common themes that I discovered amongst these texts, I outline how these texts represent a common idea that literature both New Zealand and European, is trying to portray societys views on people and what is considered `normal. How influential are main characters personas in portraying people who dont `fit the norm? In one of the opening scenes in the film `The Piano, the main character Adas appearance immediately makesRead MoreAnalysis Of Guy De Maupassant s `` The Necklace `` Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pagesbasis for â€Å"The Necklace†, wrote in 1884. In this short story, Maupassant uses third-person objective point of view with cleverly contrast and ironic setting but also figurative background accross the plot to paint a picture of a typical low-paid clerk’s family in 1880s French society. The protagonist, Madame Matilda Loisel, throughout the story has demonstrated a theme of disparage societal position based on money, fame and glamour. As said before, one of Maupassant’s signature style of writing isRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello - Reconsidering Loyalty And Honesty2431 Words   |  10 Pagesand calls Iago a betrayer. Shakespeare does not waste any time developing the manipulative character of Iago, as his Machiavellian actions are introduced in the first scene of Othello. Iago is a soldier in the Venetian army, who wanted the position of the lieutenant. When Othello, the Venetian army general, appoints Cassio to this position instead of Iago, he begins to portray a revengeful character with problematic actions. When Iago states, â€Å"I am not what I am† (1.1.64), this is the first notion

If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on How to Start a College Scholarship Essay Samples

If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on How to Start a College Scholarship Essay Samples A creative writing catches the eye, and it could become your passport to a brand-new academic journey. The author starts with a rather in depth story of an event or description of an individual or place. For example, he addresses the way that American history classes do not usually address about the Vietnam War, even though it happened only a short time ago. If you want to comprehend how to compose an essay for a scholarship, it would be sensible to begin from ordering an affordable custom writing help online. Young paper writers do not understand that planning is the secret to success. Before you submit your application make certain you take the opportunity to proofread your essay from starting to end. Start it before it's late. Have another individual preferably somebody who knows the difference look over your essay when you've finished. A lot of people write by beginni ng anywhere with a completely free stream of ideas they then mold into an ideal order. If it is a typical concept, concentrate on attempting to say it better than anyone else. Show your enthusiasm, and how interested you're in truly being a component of their program. Once you write and revise your essay, you want to have a rest from it so you can return with a fresh set of eyes. You should learn your conclusion needs to be strong enough to leave an impression. Another outstanding idea is to complete the paper with an easy action to earn the end opened. You need to bear in mind that you shouldn't undervalue the significance of a strong introduction, particularly when it concerns the opening line. The Good, the Bad and How to Start a College Scholarship Essay Samples If you're in the center of your essay writing procedure, you are going to want to see our suggestions on what essay pitfalls to prevent. If you would like to succeed and know how to write a scholarship essay, it 's also wise to become familiarized with the most frequently made mistakes. You won't have the ability to compose an outstanding essay in case you don't devote your soul to it. Understanding how to end a scholarship essay is a fundamental part of the success. The very first step to any essay writing is to select a subject of interest. An excellent college essay introduction is essential to making your essay stand out, so there's plenty of pressure to receive it exactly perfect. Remember that the man reading your essay wishes to give out money. The very first thing you may want to do before writing any essay for this matter is to follow along with the directions. Top How to Start a College Scholarship Essay Samples Secrets Once you've discovered a school that you truly appear to favor, you ought to make a great impression on them. As you probably already know, applying for college is plenty of work. Especially, write the method by which the scholarship will be able to help you continue your education including the financial conditions of your family members and how you'll have the ability to help them as well. Applying for college takes lots of work. Where to Find How to Start a College Scholarship Essay Samples You might take a l ook at our Essay Outline Template to direct you in the invention of such document. If you still have any questions, just don't hesitate to get in touch with us or order any kind of paper on the website. Don't neglect to use a wide dictionary and assorted lexical tools, which can help you to enrich the topic. It's natural for students not to bear in mind all details and rules of formatting. To have the very best chance at winning scholarships, you should understand how to begin your essay off perfect. If you want more money to cover college, it is likely that you will be applying for several college scholarships. If you're asking for a scholarship, odds are you're likely to should compose an essay. Instead, mention the way your education can aid your career. Especially since scholarships are not simple to get, and judges are extremely harsh. Most scholarships are given a lot of very well qualified applicants. Unless you're fortunate enough to happen across an extremely obscure and unusual scholarship with just one or two qualified applicants, you will have to deal with some competition to be given a scholarship award. The Appeal of How to Start a College Scholarship Essay Samples Have a peek at the illustration of a superior scholarship essay conclusion. Keep in mind your introduction, the very first paragraph of an essay, ought to be short and catchy. A typical essay comprises various information that's often located at specific parts of the essay. While scholarship essay format won't offer you any credentials, they should have the ability to steer you properly on how best to compose the suitable essay. Scholarship essay prompts are extremely tricky, so you ought to read and re-read it multiple times to recognize key themes. It is not a paper where you can forgive yourself misspellings or formatting inaccuracy. If no, you have to learn to compose an essay for scholarship. The scholarship essay is definitely the toughest area of the application.

An Idol free essay sample

Those damn Americans were the first words out of his mouth after reading an article about U.S. intervention in Iraq. This was my introduction to Walter Fairservis, a large striking figure with thick white hair and bushy black eyebrows. Although my relationship was brief, it has had a lasting influence on my view of the world. Prior to his death last July, Mr. Fairservis had been a well-known and highly respected professor of anthropology and Asian studies at Vassar College for 25 years. I became aware of this intellect through his reserved, but warm character. He had been an actor, director, producer, scholar, playwright, linguist and author of scores of books. He was the epitome of the Renaissance Man, though his motives were altruistic. He achieved more in one lifetime than most people could in three. His monumental example, his encyclopedic mind, his eclectic artistry and boundless energy have had a lasting impression on me. We will write a custom essay sample on An Idol or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Two summers ago I worked under his direction at his East-West Fusion Theatre. I volunteered my time making costumes, organizing stage lights and videotaping performances. Not only did I learn directly about the technical and practical aspects of the theater business, but also I learned about other cultures. His cross-cultural values and knowledge were a rich resource. I vividly remember him explaining to me the origin of Javanese Gamelan. In addition, I learned about my potential and the infinite possibilities there are in life. Mr. Fairservis allowed me to discover that there are no limits of what is possible. I learned more from him than I have in most school classes. Although you could hear him criticize Americans for their ethnocentric values, he was an idealistic person who genuinely believed in people. He was able to break through any obstacle. Walter Fairservis was an exceptional example of this: always doing something new at age 73 as though he was 23. Just this past year, he completed a book on Mongolian culture and was in the process of writing a new play. Periodically during the year he gave lectures on many subjects. His lectures on Islamic civilization and Zoroaster and Persian cultures were dramatic, exciting and educational. Mr. Fairservis gave knowledge to those who knew him. I highly value what I received from this creative, intelligent individual.

Midsummer Nights Dream Essays (992 words) - Operas,

Midsummer Night's Dream Does Shakespeare make any serious points in ?A midsummer night's dream', or is it just a comedy? Shakespeare's play, ?A midsummer night's dream' is a comedy which also deals with some serious issues. The play was written in Shakespearean times as a comedy. The play was written to entertain two very different groups of people. The upper class, and the lower class citizens, Two different levels of theater had to be written to entertain them both. An entertaining and comical part, for both groups, would have been the use of fairies and mystical magic in the play. In those days most grown adults were very superstitious and believed in such things. The fairies and magic brought comedy to the play because, although the people were superstitious, they also knew the spirit characters in the play were fanciful and fictional. Shakespeare used these characters to bring mischief to the story which caused many of the comical incidents that happened through the play. The most mischievous and there for the most comical and entertaining spirit was Oberon's servant Puck. Puck was quick tongued and meddling. He was also quite famous for being so. Puck created a great deal of trouble when, trying to follow Oberon's orders, he mistakes Lysander for Demetrius. It is comical that this simple mistake, which was hardly his fault, causes such a mess of all the relationships in the play. "What hast thou done? Thou hast mistaken quite. And laid the love juice on some true love's sight." Oberon An event in the play, which was written as comedy appealing to the lower class, was the happenings which lead the fairy queen, Titania, to fall in love with a man that has been enchanted and looks all the world like an ass. Oberon drops love potion into Titania's eyes which makes her fall for a man that Puck has prepared. "My mistress with a monster is in love" "When in that moment it came to pass, Titania waked and straightway loved an ass" Act 3, scene 2. The scene where the fairy queen takes the ass to bed is most entertaining to the lower class because they were a little less educated and most of the clever humor went straight over their heads. It was also comical because the ass was so ugly and the queen was so beautiful, and as everyone knows, only the charming, handsome men get the beautiful women. "My Oberon! What visions have I seen! Methought I was enamoured of an ass!" Titania. The man didn't realize that the queen was charmed, and was vain enough to believe all the wonderful things she said about him. This was funny because everyone always like to have a laugh at people who think so highly of themselves. In the play there are a group of actors that greatly contribute to the comedy of this play. We laugh at things that appear hopeless. And these poor town's folk come actors, are just that. One of the actors is shy, the other is a man trying to play a woman and another is a hopeless over actor who wants to steal the spot light. They all make fools of them selves in order to impress Theseus and his court at his wedding banquet. The over simplicity of their production makes to be very entertaining. Despite the humor in ?A midsummer night's dream', Shakespeare also deals with many serious issues in this play. One of these is that love is blind. This is evident in many of the relationships between the characters in the play. Both Hermia and Helena fall in love blindly, that is that they fall in love with the least logical person. Hermia is in love with Lysander despite the fact that her father would rather her die than to marry him. It would be most logical for her to love Demetrius and live happily ever after, but that is rarely the way love goes. Helena fell in love with Demetruis who was so in love with Hermia, he barely even noticed that Helena existed. If it wasn't for the magical happening in the forest that night, it would have been unlikely that these characters would have ended up as happy as they did. "hings base and vile, holding no quantity, Love can transpose to form and dignity. Love looks not with the eyes but with the mind; And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind." Helena, Act 1, scene 1 A instance in Shakespeare's play where the theme ?love

10 Astonishing Facts About House Flies

10 Astonishing Facts About House Flies The house fly, Musca domestica, may be the most common insect we  encounter. But how much do you actually know about the house fly? Here are 10 fascinating facts about house flies: 1. House Flies Live Almost Everywhere There Are People Though believed to be native to Asia, house flies now inhabit nearly every corner of the globe. With the exception of Antarctica and perhaps a few islands, house flies live everywhere people do. House flies are synanthropic organisms, meaning they benefit ecologically from their association with humans and our domesticated animals. As humans throughout history traveled to new lands by ship, plane, train, or horse-drawn wagon, house flies were their travel companions. Conversely, house flies are rarely found in the wilderness or in places where humans are absent. Should humankind cease to exist, house flies might share our fate. 2. House Flies Are Relatively Young Insects in the World As an order, true flies are ancient creatures that appeared on Earth during the Permian period, over 250 million years ago. But house flies seem to be relatively young, compared to their Dipteran cousins. The earliest known Musca fossils are only 70 million years old. This evidence suggests the closest ancestors of house flies appeared during the Cretaceous period, just before the infamous meteorite fell from the sky and, some say, triggered the extinction of the dinosaurs. 3. House Flies Multiply Quickly Were it not for environmental conditions and predation, wed be overrun by house flies. Musca domestica has a short life cycle – just 6 days if conditions are right – and a female house fly lays an average of 120 eggs at a time. Scientists once calculated what would happen if a single pair of flies were able to reproduce without limits or mortality to their offspring. The result? Those two flies, in just 5 months time, would produce 191,010,000,000,000,000,000 house flies, enough to cover the planet several meters deep. 4. House Flies Don't Travel Far and Aren't Fast Hear that buzzing sound? Thats the rapid movement of a house flys wings, which can beat up to 1,000 times per minute. Thats no typo. It may surprise you to learn, then, that theyre generally slow fliers, maintaining a speed of about 4.5 miles per hour. House flies move when environmental conditions compel them to do so. In urban areas, where people live in close proximity and there is plenty of garbage and other filth to be found, house flies have small territories and may only fly 1,000 meters or so. But rural house flies will roam far and wide in search of manure, covering up to 7 miles over time. The longest flight distance recorded for a house fly is 20 miles. 5. House Flies Make Their Living in Filth House flies feed and breed in the things we revile: garbage, animal dung, sewage, human excrement, and other nasty substances. Musca domestica is probably the best known and most common of the insects we collectively refer to as filth flies. In suburban or rural areas, house flies are also plentiful in fields where fish meal or manure is used as fertilizer, and in compost heaps where grass clippings and rotting vegetables accumulate. 6. House Flies Are on an All-Liquid Diet House flies have sponge-like mouthparts, which are good for soaking up liquefied substances but not for eating solid foods. So, the house fly either seeks out food that is already in puddle form, or it finds a way to turn the food source into something it can manage. This is where things get kind of gross. When a house fly locates something tasty but solid, it regurgitates onto the food (which may be your food, if its buzzing around your barbecue). The fly vomit contains digestive enzymes that go to work on the desired snack, quickly predigesting and liquefying it so the fly can lap it up. 7. House Flies Taste With Their Feet How do flies decide something is appetizing? They step on it! Like butterflies, house flies have their taste buds on their toes, so to speak. Taste receptors, called chemosensilla, are located at the far ends of the flys tibia and tarsa (in simpler terms, the lower leg and foot). The moment they land on something of interest – your garbage, a pile of horse manure, or perhaps your lunch – they start sampling its flavor by walking around. 8. House Flies Transmit a Lot of Diseases Because house flies thrive in places that are teeming with pathogens, they have a bad habit of carrying disease-causing agents with them from place to place. A house fly will land on a pile of dog poop, inspect it thoroughly with its feet, and then fly over to your picnic table and walk around on your hamburger bun for a bit. Their food and breeding sites are already overflowing with bacteria, and then they vomit and defecate on them to add to the mess. House flies are known to transmit at least 65 diseases and infections, including cholera, dysentery, giardiasis, typhoid, leprosy, conjunctivitis, salmonella, and many more. 9. House Flies Can Walk Upside Down You probably knew that already, but do you know how they perform this gravity-defying feat? Slow motion video shows that a house fly will approach a ceiling by executing a half roll maneuver, and then will extend its legs to make contact with the substrate. Each of the house flys legs bears a tarsal claw with a sticky pad of sorts, so the fly is able to grip almost any surface, from smooth window glass to a ceiling. 10. House Flies Poop a Lot Theres a saying, Never poop where you eat. Sage advice, most would say. Because house flies live on a liquid diet (see #6), things move rather quickly through their digestive tracts. Nearly every time a house fly lands, it defecates. So in addition to vomiting on anything it thinks might make a tasty meal, the house fly almost always does poop where it eats. Keep that in mind next time one touches down on your potato salad. Sources: The Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd edition, edited by John L. Capinera.Encyclopedia of Insects, 2nd edition, edited by Vincent H. Resh and Ring T. Carde.Vector Control: Methods for Use by Individuals and Communities, by Jan A. Rozendaal, World Health Organization.Physicians Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, 6th edition, by Jerome Goddard.Elements of Entomology, by Dr. Rajendra Singh.Time Flies, a New Molecular Time-Scale for Brachyceran Fly Evolution Without a Clock, in Systematic Biology, 2003.

Dissimilation and Haplology in Phonetics

Dissimilation and Haplology in Phonetics Dissimilation is a general term in phonetics and historical linguistics  for the process by which two neighboring sounds become less alike. Contrast with assimilation.  According to Patrick Bye, the term dissimilation entered the field [of phonology] in the 19th century from rhetoric, where it had been in use to describe the variation in style required for good public speaking (The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, 2011). Dissimilation and Haphology As discussed below, one type of dissimilation is  haplology- a sound change  involving the loss of a syllable when its  next to a phonetically identical (or similar) syllable.  Perhaps the best known example is the reduction of  Anglaland  in Old English to England in Modern English. Haplology is sometimes called  syllabic syncope.  (The counterpart of  haplology  in writing is  haplography- the accidental omission of a letter that should be repeated, such as mispell for misspell.) The Phonetics of English ElisionLanguage ChangePronunciationSegment and SuprasegmentalSound ChangeWhat Is the Correct Pronunciation of February?Word Boundaries Examples of Dissimilation [An] example of dissimilation is the substandard pronunciation of chimney as chimley, with the second of two nasals changed to an [l]. The ultimate dissimilation is the complete loss of one sound because of its proximity to another similar sound. A frequent example in present-day standard English is the omission of one of two [r] sounds from words like cate(r)pillar, Cante(r)bury, rese(r)voir, terrest(r)ial, southe(r)ner, barbitu(r)ate, gove(r)nor, and su(r)prised.(John Algeo and Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language, 5th ed. Thomson, 2005) Dissimilation of Liquid Consonants ​Consider [an] example of dissimilation of liquid consonants that took place when the suffix -al attached to some Latin nouns to make adjectives. The regular suffixation process gives us pairs like the following: orbit/orbital, person/personal, culture/cultural, electric/electrical. However, when an /l/ precedes the ending anywhere in the root, the ending is changed from -al to -ar as a result of dissimilation: single/singular, module/modular, luna/lunar. (Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone. Wadsworth, 2010) Assimilation v. Dissimilation ​Assimilation is far more common than dissimilation; assimilation is usually regular, general throughout the language, though sometimes it can be sporadic. Dissimilation is much rarer and is usually not regular (is sporadic), though dissimilation can be regular. Dissimilation often happens at a distance (is non-adjacent) . . .. (Lyle Campbell, Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. MIT Press, 2004) Causes and Effects of Haphology ​We say that assimilation and dissimilation are changes that result in an increase or decrease, respectively, in the degree of phonetic similarity between two segments. It is tempting to think that such changes in the one segment are somehow caused by the phonetics of the other, and for generations that is actually how the matter has usually been presented. . . . But this is a confusion of cause and effect. It is true that the effect of the change is a net increase/decrease of similarity between two segments, but it is begging the question (to say the least) to assume that the degree of similarity is also somehow the cause of the change. The fact is that very little is known of the actual mechanisms of these changes, commonplace as they are. (Andrew L. Sihler, Language History: An Introduction. John Benjamins, 2000) Haplology Haplology  . . . is the name given to the change in which a repeated sequence of sounds is simplified to a single occurrence. For example, if the word  haplology  were to undergo haplology (were to be haplologized), it would reduce the sequence  lolo  to  lo,  haplology  Ã‚  haplogy. Some real examples are: (1) Some varieties of English reduce   library  to libry [laibri] and   probably  to probly [prÉ”bli].(2)   pacifism  pacificism (contrast with   mysticism  mysticism, where the repeated sequence is not reduced and does not end up as   mystism).(3) English   humbly  was   humblely  in Chaucers time, pronounced with three syllables, but has been reduced to two syllables (only one   l) in modern standard English.  (Lyle Campbell,   Historical Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd ed. MIT Press, 2004) The Haphology Effect The  haplology  effect can often be heard in the casual  pronunciation  of each of these words: February, probably, regularly, and similarly.  The words  library  and  necessary, especially as spoken in Southern England, are often heard by foreigners as  libry  and  nessary. But when they repeat the words as such, they do not sound right, since there should be a lengthened  r  and  s, respectively, in those words. It shows that foreigners notice the beginning stages of  haplology  in those words, when there is as yet no complete haplology. (Yuen Ren Chao,  Language and Symbolic Systems. Cambridge University Press, 1968)

Power within organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Power within organization - Essay Example Referent power originates from being trusted and/or respected. One gains this power when employees in the organization trust what they do and respect them for how they handle various situations. For instance, a manager who uses his power positively to ensure policies are in place for ensuring employees is fairly treated. Sin, this form of power subordinate, comply since one is in authority, for instance, the boss. This power exists when employees recognize the authority of their leader. For instance, the executive manager who determines budgetary needs of the company. His positive or negative consideration boost his legitimacy Many junior workers are motivated by rewards and incentives to be submissive to the superior. This inner motivation is a positive example of reward power. Other examples would include salary increment, job promotion, etc. The role of reward power is to trigger that human feature that appreciates recognition for high achievement. Expert power originates from an individual’s experiences, knowledge, and skills. Whenever an individual gains experience they become thought leaders in those fields and gather expert power enough to get others to help them meet their goals. For instance, the senior engineer who is an expert designing various unique applicants can positively use his or her power to get

Compensation and Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Compensation and Benefits - Essay Example In this case, in order for an organization to appeal to such employees, and keep them after hiring them, it is essential for them to provide them with competitive compensation packages, including benefits (Ulrich, 2011). Nonetheless, provision of benefits cost money. For instance, health insurance in the United States is quite expensive. As such, it is true that benefits may result to increased costs, making a firm to incur higher costs and hurt its competitiveness. In this case, it is appropriate for firms to calibrate in a careful manner based on the number of benefits it wishes to offer its employees. An enterprise should be generous enough for it to attract qualified and competitive labor force. However, it should refrain from overpaying employees who are less productive and not worth additional money (Ulrich, 2011). In a firm, it is true that higher pay and benefits play a major role in attracting and keeping quality employees. Nonetheless, I do not belief that pay is the primary motivating factor for existing employees and job applicants. They look for those firms that are capable of providing them with benefits, such as health insurance, which are some of the most challenging areas for employees to

The Tyger Symbol Analysis Essay Example for Free

The Tyger Symbol Analysis Essay The symbol of the Tyger is one of the two central mysteries of the poem (the other being the Tyger’s creator). It is unclear what it exactly symbolizes, the Tyger could be inspiration, the divine, artistic creation, history, the sublime (the big, mysterious, powerful and sometimes scary, or vision itself. Really, the list is almost infinite. The point is, the Tyger is important, and Blake’s poem barely limits the possibilities. Line 7: â€Å"Wings† are what the creator uses to aspire to the creation of the Tyger. Essentially, they are the power or inspiration that allows the creator to dare go about the task of creating the Tyger. Smith Tools (Hammer, chain, furnace, anvil) Stanza 4: In the poem, these tools make up an extended metaphor of the creator and his creation of the Tyger. A blacksmith uses these tools to make objects out of super-hot metal. The word forge – to create orform – is a smith term as well as another name for a smith’s furnace. The smith reference also ties into all the fire imagery associated with the Tyger, and heightens the energy and danger of the Tyger’s creation. If you don’t think forging metal is hot or dangerous, you might want to visit even a modern-day steel mill. Line 20: When you read the word lamb, always first think: symbol of Jesus Christ (the Lamb of God). As the tradition holds, animals such as lambs were sacrificed to God or gods in general until God offered his Son, Jesus Christ – his lamb – as the final sacrifice for the sins of mankind. In line 20, Blake references a version of Christianity that states that God created Jesus. Blake asks whether God, who created Jesus, also created the Tyger. Also, don’t forget that The Lamb is the title of another poem by Blake, from the Songs of Innocence. The body parts referenced in this poem – hands, eyes, shoulders, and feet – are examples of synecdoche. Synecdoche is when a part of something is used to refer to the whole thing. For example, when someone yells All hands on deck! he doesn’t actually mean that he wants a bunch of severed hands on the deck; rather, he wants the people and their hands to help with the ship. So, the phrase immortal hand references the whole being or person that the hand belongs to, while at the same time focusing on the hands as the means of creation. The eye is representative of the whole body and person, but lso focuses our attention on the faculty of sight. Also, by including only parts of the creator in the actually poem, Blake contributes to the mystery of who or what he actually is. It’s like having only a few extreme close-ups of a person: you can see the hands, shoulder, feet, and eyes, but you cant see the whole package, and that means you cant even tell who youre looking at. The fire serves multiple purposes as an extended metaphor. First, it’s often associated with the Tyger, which contributes to the Tyger’s ferocity and sublimity (the fact it’s big, powerful, and mysterious). Fire is also a source of energy, and since the Tyger seems to be filled with fire, then he must also be filled with energy. In another sense, the fire of the smith’s furnace is the fire of creation, the means by which the Tyger was formed. Setting An abstract setting; Forests of the night and distant deeps or skies The settings of â€Å"The Tyger,† or at least the worlds this poem seems to conjure up, are extremely varied. In general, though, it takes place in the abstract, without much more than Forests of the night, and distant deeps or skies, to give the reader any sense of location. However, the lack of a concrete setting is just as important as the presence. Think of watching a play in a theatre in which the whole stage is dark except for one spotlight. There is no setting in the sense of it taking place in a house or in a field – it’s abstract. The most important quality, then, is that it has no obvious setting, just like the poem. Blake has placed the spotlight on the Tyger, but where it is, or where the speaker is, are not part of the equation. Leaving the setting fluid keeps the themes fluid and abstract as well. It also highlights what setting is there, if fairly vague. The forests of the night are dark and mysterious, cloaking and hiding the fiery symbol of the Tyger. The distant deeps or skies bring to mind the notions of Hell being underground and Heaven being in the sky. Since the Tyger may have been created in either Hell (deeps) or Heaven (skies), it remains ambiguous as to whether the Tyger is good or bad. Regardless, it would seem to us that being in the forests of the night with a fearful, burning Tyger on the loose, is scary, whether abstract or not.

Religious Themes in Roman Polanskis A Knife In The Water and Rosemary’s Baby :: Movie, Film

Religious Themes in Roman Polanski's A Knife In The Water and Rosemary’s Baby Roman Polanski incorporated religious themes into his films, â€Å"A Knife In The Water† (Poland 1962) and â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† (U.S. 1968). â€Å" A Knife In The Water† contains some Christian imagery that is not incorporated into the plot or theme of the film. In contrast, the central theme of â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† is religion. I believe this difference illustrates the fact that Polanski desired to make a radical religious film but was unable to do so until he came to The United States. â€Å"A Knife In The Water† is a film about money and power. A wealthy couple picks up a young hitchhiker and invites him to spend the day with them on their yacht. Through out the day the older man, Andre, and the boy struggle for power. The struggle ends with Andre thinking he has killed the boy, and the boy sleeping with Andre’s wife. (Polanski 1962) Christian imagery, and illusions to Biblical mythology, are subtly woven into this film. The boy is portrayed as somewhat of a Christ figure. At one point he is seen lying on the deck of the yacht in a crucifix position with the sun forming a halo around his head. He hangs off the boat while it is moving and attempts to walk on the water. The boy has wounds on his hands from holding the hot saucepan. Like Christ the boy wanders from place to place on foot. The most obvious comparison Polanski makes between the boy and Christ is that the boy is presumed to be dead after Andre plunges him into the water. He then â€Å"rises from the dead† after Andre swims ashore to contact the authorities. (Butler 39) â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† is very different from Polanski’s first film. This film is about an expectant mother whose husband allows her to become impregnated by the devil in exchange for success in his acting career. When Rosemary begins to catch on to the fact that her husband and neighbors are witches and worshipers of the devil she becomes afraid for her baby. She suspects that they are going to take her baby from her and use it in a satanic ritual. Both Rosemary and the viewer are shocked to discover that the coven of witches doesn’t plan to give her baby to Satan. Religious Themes in Roman Polanski's A Knife In The Water and Rosemary’s Baby :: Movie, Film Religious Themes in Roman Polanski's A Knife In The Water and Rosemary’s Baby Roman Polanski incorporated religious themes into his films, â€Å"A Knife In The Water† (Poland 1962) and â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† (U.S. 1968). â€Å" A Knife In The Water† contains some Christian imagery that is not incorporated into the plot or theme of the film. In contrast, the central theme of â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† is religion. I believe this difference illustrates the fact that Polanski desired to make a radical religious film but was unable to do so until he came to The United States. â€Å"A Knife In The Water† is a film about money and power. A wealthy couple picks up a young hitchhiker and invites him to spend the day with them on their yacht. Through out the day the older man, Andre, and the boy struggle for power. The struggle ends with Andre thinking he has killed the boy, and the boy sleeping with Andre’s wife. (Polanski 1962) Christian imagery, and illusions to Biblical mythology, are subtly woven into this film. The boy is portrayed as somewhat of a Christ figure. At one point he is seen lying on the deck of the yacht in a crucifix position with the sun forming a halo around his head. He hangs off the boat while it is moving and attempts to walk on the water. The boy has wounds on his hands from holding the hot saucepan. Like Christ the boy wanders from place to place on foot. The most obvious comparison Polanski makes between the boy and Christ is that the boy is presumed to be dead after Andre plunges him into the water. He then â€Å"rises from the dead† after Andre swims ashore to contact the authorities. (Butler 39) â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† is very different from Polanski’s first film. This film is about an expectant mother whose husband allows her to become impregnated by the devil in exchange for success in his acting career. When Rosemary begins to catch on to the fact that her husband and neighbors are witches and worshipers of the devil she becomes afraid for her baby. She suspects that they are going to take her baby from her and use it in a satanic ritual. Both Rosemary and the viewer are shocked to discover that the coven of witches doesn’t plan to give her baby to Satan.

Dell Computers Essay

Dell Computer pioneered a new way of making and selling personal computers. Its customers â€Å"custom-design† their computer over the Internet or phone. Dell reengineered its â€Å"supply chain† as it coordinated its efforts with its suppliers and streamlined its order-taking and production process. It can ship a computer within two days of taking an order. Personal computers lose 1 percent of their value every week they sit on a shelf. Thus, having virtually no inventory is a great advantage to Dell. Compaq tried to adopt Dell’s approach, but with limited success. Dell’s CEO Michael Dell understood that kind of execution. His direct-sales and build-to-order approach was not just a marketing tactic to bypass retailers; it was the core of his business strategy. Execution is the reason Dell passed Compaq in market value years ago, despite Compaq’s vastly greater size and scope, and it’s the reason Dell passed Compaq in 2001 as the world’s biggest maker of PCs. As of November 2001, Dell was shooting to double its market share, from approximately 20 to 40 percent. Dell turns its inventory over eighty times a year, compared with about ten to twenty times for its rivals, and its working capital is negative. As a result, it generates an enormous amount of cash. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2002, with revenues of $8. 1 billion and an operating margin of 7. 4 percent, Dell had cash flow of $1 billion from operations. Its return on invested capital for fiscal 2001 was 355 percent—an incredible rate for a company with its sales volume. Its high velocity also allows it to give customers the latest technological improvements ahead of other makers, and to take advantage of falling component costs—either to improve margins or to cut prices. These are the reasons Dell’s strategy became deadly for its competitors once PC growth slowed. Dell capitalized on their misery and cut prices in a bid for market share, increasing the distance between it and the rest of the industry. Because of its high velocity, Dell could show high return on capital and positive cash flow, even with margins depressed. Its competition couldn’t. The system works only because Dell executes meticulously at every stage. The electronic linkages among suppliers and manufacturing create a seamless extended enterprise. A manufacturing executive we know who worked at Dell for a time calls its system â€Å"the best manufacturing operation I’ve ever seen. In 1998, Dell Computers launched its first global brand advertising campaign, beginning in the United States and Canada, to further highlight the advantages of its direct business model. The brand advertising campaign carries the theme â€Å"Be Direct. † The campaign highlights Dell’s unique business model, which helps to eliminate barriers between customers and the manufacturer, providing Dell with the means to enhance the overall customer experience. Dell’s advertising has focused primarily on its products and has been targeted largely at computer-enthusiast and industry trade publications, cable and local television and a few national newspapers. The â€Å"Be Direct† campaign will be in addition to the company’s ongoing product-oriented advertising. The new brand campaign emphasizes the strengths and advantages of Dell’s direct-to-customer business philosophy. The direct model, pioneered by Dell in the computer industry, enables Dell customers to have computer systems built to their specifications; a single point of accountability; award-winning service and support; and fast access to the latest relevant technology. Presently, the growing number of orders comes in over the Internet. The order-taking system interfaces with Dell’s own supply chain control system, which ensures that inventory is where it needs to be for the computer to be manufactured quickly. In addition, Dell stores very little inventory. Instead, Dell’s suppliers have built warehouses close to Dell’s facilities, and Dell orders parts on a just-in-time basis. By implementing these strategies, Dell has been able to provide customers with exactly what they want very quickly. In addition, inventory costs are low, and Dell minimizes the danger of parts obsolescence in the rapidly changing computer industry. In this way, Dell has become a dominant player in the desktop PC market and is well on its way to doing so in the laptop and server markets. References Cravens, D. W. & Piercy, N. (2003). Chapter 1: Strategic Planning and Decision Making. NJ: McGraw-Hill Companies. http://www.dell.com

The Mayans †Popol Vuh Summary

The Mayans – A Basic Summary on Popol Vuh and Xibalba Information on the Popol Vuh The Popol Vuh is one of the only remaining texts we have of ancient Mayan cultures. It is, for lack of a better word, their bible. In English its most direct translation is â€Å"Book of the Mat† but it can translate into its more meaningful name, â€Å"Book of the Community†. It encompasses a variety of stories and legends as well as a history of the mayan ancestors.Its most famous story is the creation myth of the Hero Twins. This myth explains how two abandoned twins ventured into the Mayan underworld called Xibalba and defeated the â€Å"bad† Gods and the arrogant Xibalbans people. They then ascended out of Xibalba to the sky where they became the sun and the moon. This book was an important source of cultural heritage to the Mayan people and the religions they practiced.It explains the importance of Maya as a divine place and culture, as well as introduces important fig ures such as the Maize God. After Bishop Diego de Landa’s eradication on Mayan literature, it is an extremely valuable source of information. Information on Xibalba Xibalba is to the Mayans what Hell is for us. It translates to something along the lines of, â€Å"the place of fear†. However, it has many important differences.For instance, instead of eternal damnation in one endless fiery pit (aka: Hell) there are seven chambers. Each chamber is a different challenge or nightmare that you have to face. The Mayans believe a person has five souls, one of which ventures into Xibalba. Depending on how evil you have been depends on how deep into Xibalba your soul goes. Again, the deeper you go, the worse it becomes. Xibalba has cultural significance because it develops the idea of key gods, religions and practices such as the Mayan ballgames.

Economies of scale Essays

Economies of scale Essays Economies of scale Essay Economies of scale Essay As can be seen from the information above Granada has been losing money recently, with a negative net profit (i 132), this means that it has no profit margin, and a negative return on capital employed (-7. 3%). More detailed information on Granada and current trading and prospects can be found in the appendix. Both of these two companies have made large losses recently, but Carlton has suffered from the larger losses, Carltons net loss was i 156 million compared to a loss of i 132 million for Granada. Carlton also has a much lower return on capital employed, although they both have a negative ROCE, Carltons is far lower than Granadas. Both of these companies have been losing money, and this gives them an incentive to merge, and to attempt to cut their losses by benefiting from economies of scale. Economies of scale Economies of scale are the reasons why the average cost of production may fall with an increasing level of output. I believe that if Carlton and Granada merge they will create one larger company which will benefit more from certain economies of scale. Carlton and Granada believe that though economies of scale they should be able to save i 35 million per annum. * In the appendix, there is an article titled Advertisers warn on ITV merger, in this it is stated by the head of broadcast at Media Planning Group that the merger will provide economies of scale, this is independent, unbiased evidence that the merger will provide economies of scale. The most important economies of scale in my opinion are: Financial economies of scale allow larger businesses to obtain money for expansion easier and cheaper. If Carlton and Granada merged they would create one much larger business. This larger business would thus benefit from financial economies of scale, the merged company would find it much easier to borrow or obtain money for new ventures of expansion plans. Managerial economies of scale occur when a business grows large enough to appoint specialists to its management team. Both of these companies are already large enough to benefit from this economy of scale, however they would benefit from it much more if they were to merge. The merged business would be much more efficiently managed and would therefore save money. This is one of the most important economies of scale because it will mean that the merged group would have one combined and specialised managerial team. Marketing economies of scale occur when the costs of marketing can be spread over a larger output. Both of these businesses produce television and cinema content. If they were to merge their output would be bigger, therefore they would benefit more from this economy of scale, it would be easier to produce new products, advertising rates would be lower, and bulk distribution would bring down the costs of delivery. This is another very important economy of scale for these two companies because they both have large outputs, and if they were to merge it would cut many costs and would help them to produce new television content cheaper and more effectively. The larger business that Carlton and Granada would create by merging would benefit from research and development economies of scale. It would be much easier to create new television programmes, and if any of their ventures should fail, then the larger business would be more able to cope with the loss because it will have other projects that will succeed, the risks have been spread. An example of this is Carlton and Granadas recently failed joint venture ITV digital. This venture was a failure which cost both of these businesses a lot of money. If they were one company, while dealing with this crisis they would have found it easier to cope with because jointly they would have more other successful projects running. Diseconomies of scale Diseconomies of scale are the opposite of economies of scale. Sometimes an increased output will not result in lower costs of production per unit but higher costs. Diseconomies usually occur when a business has become so big that it is no longer well managed. Diseconomies usually occur because of a breakdown of communication. In a large business it is often hard for the workers to find out who they should talk to about any problems they may encounter. This will often result in disputes between management and employees and the employees may feel less motivated to work hard. I do not believe that if Carlton and Granada were to merge they would suffer from any of these diseconomies of scale. This is because if anything the workers will become closer to the management as a result of this merger because the merged group should be more efficiently managed1**by better channels of communications between the two previous companies and decentralization which will bring decisions closer to the people that they affect. Stakeholders outside the businesses The main stakeholder group outside the two firms are the television viewers. Viewers should benefit from better television programmes. According to the article titled QA: ITV merger found in the appendix: The merger is intended to free up more money to plough into the schedules because better programmes bring in more viewers, which brings in more money from advertisers. A press release published by the boards of Carlton and Granada says that: Viewers will benefit from enhanced programming investment designed further to improve quality and choice. 1* Opinion is unanimous on the fact that the merger should bring better programmes for viewers, which provides a positive externality, and a good reason for the merger to go ahead.

Eggplant Domestication History and Genealogy

Eggplant Domestication History and Genealogy Eggplant (Solanum melongena), also known as aubergine or brinjal, is a cultivated crop with a mysterious but well-documented past. Eggplant is a member of the Solanaceae family, which includes its American cousins potatoes, tomatoes, and peppers). But unlike the American Solanaceae domesticates, eggplant is believed to have been domesticated in the Old World, likely India, China, Thailand, Burma or someplace else in southeast Asia. Today there are approximately 15-20 different varieties of eggplant, grown primarily in China. Using Eggplants The first use of eggplant was probably medicinal rather than culinary: its flesh still has a bitter after-taste if it is not treated properly, despite centuries of domestication experimentation. Some of the earliest written evidence for the use of eggplant is from the Charaka and Sushruta Samhitas, Ayurvedic texts written about 100 BC that describe the health benefits of eggplant. The domestication process increased the fruit size and weight of eggplants  and altered the prickliness, flavor, and flesh and peel color, a centuries-long process which is carefully documented in ancient Chinese literature. The earliest domestic relatives of eggplant described in Chinese documents had small, round, green fruits, while todays cultivars feature an incredible range of colors. The prickliness of the wild eggplant is an adaptation to protect itself from herbivores; the domesticated versions have few or no prickles, a trait selected by humans so that we omnivores can pluck them safely. Eggplants Possible Parents The progenitor plant for S. melongena is still under debate. Some scholars pinpoint S. incarnum, a native of North Africa and the Middle East, that developed first as a garden weed and then was selectively grown and developed in southeast Asia. However, DNA sequencing has provided evidence that S. melongena is likely descended from another African plant S. linnaeanum, and that that plant was dispersed throughout the Middle East and into Asia before becoming domesticated. S. linnaeanum produces small, round green-striped fruit. Other scholars suggest that the true progenitor plant has not been identified yet, but was probably located in the savannas of southeast Asia. The real problem in trying to resolve the domestication history of eggplant is that archaeological evidence supporting any eggplant domestication process is lackingevidence for eggplant simply hasnt been found in archaeological contexts, and so researchers must rely on a set of data that includes genetics but also a wealth of historical information. Ancient History of the Eggplant Literary references to eggplant occur in Sanskrit literature, with the oldest direct mention dated from the third century AD; a possible reference may date as early as 300 BC. Multiple references have also been found in the vast Chinese literature, the earliest of which is in the document known as the Tong Yue, written by Wang Bao in 59 BC. Wang writes that the one should separate and transplant eggplant seedlings at the time of the Spring equinox. The Rhapsody on Metropolitan of Shu, 1st century BC-1st century AD, also mentions eggplants. Later Chinese documentation records the specific changes that were deliberately wrought by Chinese agronomists in domesticated eggplants: from round and small green fruit to large and long-necked fruit with a purple peel. Illustrations in Chinese botanical references dated between the 7-19th centuries AD document the alterations in eggplants shape and size; interestingly, the search for a better flavor is also documented in Chinese records, as the Chinese botanists endeavored to remove the bitter flavor in the fruits. Eggplant is believed to have been brought to the attention of the Middle East, Africa and the West by Arabic traders along the Silk Road, beginning around the 6th century AD. However, earlier carvings of eggplants have been found in two regions of the Mediterranean: Iassos (within a garland on a Roman sarcophagus, ​the first half of the 2nd century AD) and Phrygia (a fruit carved on a grave stele, 2nd century AD). Yilmaz and colleagues suggest a few samples may have been brought back from Alexander the Greats expedition to India. Sources DoÄŸanlar, Sami. High resolution map of eggplant (Solanum melongena) reveals extensive chromosome rearrangement in domesticated members of the Solanaceae. Amy FraryMarie-Christine Daunay, Volume 198, Issue 2, SpringerLink, July 2014. Isshiki S, Iwata N, and Khan MMR. 2008. ISSR variations in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and related Solanum species. Scientia Horticulturae 117(3):186-190. Li H, Chen H, Zhuang T, and Chen J. 2010. Analysis of genetic variation in eggplant and related Solanum species using sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers. Scientia Horticulturae 125(1):19-24. Liao Y, Sun B-j, Sun G-w, Liu H-c, Li Z-l, Li Z-x, Wang G-p, and Chen R-y. 2009. AFLP and SCAR Markers Associated with Peel Color in Eggplant (Solanum melongena). Agricultural Sciences in China 8(12):1466-1474. Meyer RS, Whitaker BD, Little DP, Wu S-B, Kennelly EJ, Long C-L, and Litt A. 2015. Parallel reductions in phenolic constituents resulting from the domestication of eggplant. Phytochemistry 115:194-206. Portis E, Barchi L, Toppino L, Lanteri S, Acciarri N, Felicioni N, Fusari F, Barbierato V, Cericola F, Valà ¨ G et al. 2014. QTL Mapping in Eggplant Reveals Clusters of Yield-Related Loci and Orthology with the Tomato Genome. PLoS ONE 9(2):e89499. Wang J-X, Gao T-G, and Knapp S. 2008. Ancient Chinese Literature Reveals Pathways of Eggplant Domestication. Annals of Botany 102(6):891-897. Free download Weese TL, and Bohs L. 2010. Eggplant origins: Out of Africa, into the Orient. Taxon 59:49-56. Yilmaz H, Akkemik U, and Karagoz S. 2013. Identification of plant figures on stone statues and sarcophaguses and their symbols: the Hellenistic and Roman periods of the eastern Mediterranean basin in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 13(2):135-145.

New Urbanism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

New Urbanism - Research Paper Example Ryans article seems to be merely reporting, but contains an undercurrent of argument that things will be better by recreating the past in public places with new technology. Although Kunstler, Davis, and Ryan seem at odds with one another, they are arguing for the same thing: the revitalization of an urban America that will increase public happiness by re-integrating people with their environment and one another. James Kunstlers essay is essentially a lament for the America of the past. He makes his point by contrasting the American cities and towns of today with those of the past, with those of France, and with Disneyland. The reason that Americans find Disneyland so popular, he says, is that â€Å"The design quality of Disney World ... is about 1.5 notches better than the average American suburban shopping mall or housing subdivision† (Kunstler ). This is vastly different from the situation in France, where â€Å"the most mediocre French street quarter† is five times better (Kunstler ). The reason for this, Kunstler argues, is that after World War II Americans stopped building things to last. A related problem is that of zoning. Before World War II, zoning did not exist. Instead, people had â€Å"a popular consensus about the right way to assemble a town† (Kunstler ). This resulted in cities that reflected American culture, instead of a meaningless set of laws. As a solution to both problems—the decay of building to last and the rise of soulless zoning laws—Kunstler holds up what he calls Civic Art, but which our textbook calls New Urbanism. He defines the most important part of this movement as the neighborhood, which is â€Å"a five-minute walking distance †¦ from the edge to the center† and where â€Å"wheeled vehicles are permitted, but do not take precedence over human needs, including aesthetic needs† (Kunstler ). Only by moving away from the drab suburban sprawl which fills us with nostalgia and back to

Five year career development plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Five year career development plan - Essay Example It is because of the reason that United States income tax legislations are believed to be difficult, several tax delivery bearers search for subcontractor support for taxes disposal, it is amazing that fifty nine percent of personal tax takings in 2007 were manipulated by salaried tax compilation services. A number of states have certification necessities for anybody who compiles and formulates tax delivery as a service provider. Some companies offer free of charge tax compilation application for personals; subjected with a lesser amount of fifty eight thousand USD of total revenue in fiscal year 2010. People who earn more than the above mentioned amount can utilize forms and digital applications of IRS manuscripts. Considering a 2005 analysis from the U.S. Government accountability office, the value of the tax service is huge; the return that is omitted in addition to the tax on its own is stuck between two hundred forty billion USD and six hundred billion USD per year that is utili zed in the tax service. For tax delivery compilation, Americans dispatch a quantity equivalent around twenty percent of the sum received in taxes. This proves that tax preparation service is really established for high returns, so the career Alpha II Omega Tax Services is bright. 1. Career Goals and Objectives Alpha II Omega Tax Services is a new established company which open its services via home based utility in the fiscal year 2010 with twenty five clients, however in this tariff period of the year 2011, the number of clients utilizing their services increases to hundred and twenty four, now Alpha II Omega Tax Services is planning to launch a tax preparation utility office in 2013, and in this regard Alpha II Omega Tax Services will be dealing with multiple clients since its being the first time Alpha II Omega Tax Services is planning to market itself at full exposure. Alpha II Omega Tax Services is currently offering services home based with limited number of clients, however a five year career objectives must be concrete, and Alpha II Omega Tax Services should focus on providing all related services in tax preparation including serving consumers with tax delivery services and electronic input. Alpha II Omega Tax Services should also focus to develop expertise in all range of applications that are used. The period of recruitment, training and developing expertise in tax software should not last more than two years. With the application of the tax software, the Alpha II Omega Tax Services can offer automated federal income tax compilation, state income tax, and personal tax compilation services. Alpha II Omega Tax Services regulate focus on developing relations with a range of economic organizations like Santa Barbara Bank & Trust, N.A and HSBC Taxpayer to offer many of the economic services, like Refund Anticipation Loans etc. Since tax preparation alone is a seasonal venture, therefore it should be established with some other service as well. So in five years a medium size profitable tax preparer company with other services can be established. 2. Career Management and Effective planning At present the goals identified in career objectives

International finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International finance - Assignment Example The system of the Agreement was aimed towards keeping the major currencies of the world at a fixed rate. With the collapse of the system, the world economies have been facing the volatility which is continuing at present as well. Under the system of Bretton Woods, the various countries’ major currencies were used to be fixed in relation to the Dollar while the Dollar was fixed with respect to the value of gold. This system indicated that the threat of currency instability was to be abided by the governments. As a result of this system, the corporation houses were to deal with lesser trading activities related with foreign currencies on a large volume. The system of the Bretton Woods Agreement at that time was factually capable of providing significant firmness within the markets of currencies (Hussain, 2010). The governments prefer fixed exchange rates to floating exchange rates which is prevalent at present in the world economies because under the later system, the currencies ’ demand and supply factors are the determinant of the rate of exchanges within the market of foreign exchange. Thus, the governments’ power over the fluctuations of the currency valuation gets removed under the floating rate system. Along with this fact, the risk associated with the currency and financials appears in privatised form (Ono, 2004). On the other hand, the distinctive system of the fixed exchange rate allows the governments or respective authorities to bestow controls over certain tools of the monetary policy such as that of the regulation on the rates of interests and supply of money through issuing fresh bills. However, the authorities in charge of the monetary policies function under the control and regime of a board of currency which allows the authorities to enhance the money supply only after ensuring that the particular country has sufficient reserves of the foreign currency that are essential for backing up the enhancement of domestic currency with in the nation (International Monetary Fund, 2009). More precisely, it is due to the following advantages of fixed exchange rates in the international monetary system that government prefers to preserve it. Firstly, due to the existence of fixed exchange rate system, price constancy in the international trading market can be ensured for the purpose of effective performance on trading. Price stability in the international trading market aids towards its growth and it also assures less risk for the businesses. Secondly, fixed exchange rates are termed to be inclined towards policies against inflation under this system. The countries are required to operate under strict policies related to both monetary as well as fiscal administration. Thirdly, the regimes under the system of fixed exchange rate demand from the Central Bank that it should uphold huge amount of foreign reserves in the form of both hard currencies and gold as well. This requirement of the fixed exchange rate regime helps in backing up risks that can arise due to any adverse situation of the international market (Fordham University, 2011). Along with the above mentioned benefits, another essential benefit sought by the government that make the fixed exchange rate system preferable for the government is that fixed rates are highly

SWOT Analysis Of Parle Products

SWOT Analysis Of Parle Products The intent of the assignment is to analyse the operation process of manufacturing or service organisation, thriving to achieve the efficiency and productivity in the operations process, through various organisational and operational strategies carried out on a short term or a long term basis. The analysis of the report is based on the various key finding which determines the success of organisation and how company manages between the quality, cost, speed, dependability and flexibility of its products using the key competitive factors such as order winner and order qualifiers to sustain in the market. The process design used by the organisation is to improve competence and effective inventory management style with help of suppliers and distributors; analysing the problems faced by the organisation and solution for the same. INTRODUCTION Parle is one of Indias largest biscuit, confectionery and snacks manufacturer it has been set-upped in vile Parle Mumbai in 1929. As a organized segment of the FMCG (Fast moving consumer goods) industry, FMCG products are generally replaced within a year and include a range of product provided to the consumer that may be Durable e.g. Food, soap, cosmetics, tooth cleaning products, shaving products and detergents and non-durable products such as glassware, bulbs, batteries, paper products, and plastic goods. Babaria, M. and Dharod, M. (2009) Parle Operation Management is to manage of resources and delivery system and the duties entitled to the operation manager control of the cost, monitoring the efficiency of the production and asset management, The viewpoint of Parle Company is to attract as much of youth and grown-ups through its product with the mission to provide happiness among children and adults not only in the metro cities but also tier 2 and tier 3 cities in the country. On a short- term basis the company objective is to create awareness about the products among the youth and on long-term duration is to be the market leader. Major competitors of Parle are the ITC sun-feast ltd, Britannia, Nestle HUL (Hindustan unilever ltd). Parle provides a range of biscuits such as Parle-G, krackjack, Hide and seek, Milano etc. confectionery like melody, mango-bite, orange candy etc. and snacks like Jeffs, cheese ling etc. Parle are market leader and in their category and own 40% share of the biscuit market share and 15% share of the total confectionary market in India, Parle has transformed into a multimillion company over the years. Based on the product variation provided by Parle the customer are not bound by age they can be consumed by people of all age group even the adults or senior citizens. E.g. Parle G is widely excepted product, the customers of Parle are not restricted to the local or regional tier1, 2 3 markets but also on a global scale by implementing top down approach strategy in the organization. (parleproducts., 2012) Macantosh HD:Users:pagdant:Downloads:1.png TRANSFORMATION PROCESS FEEDBACK INPUT TRANSFORMATION PROCESS RAW MATERIAL Wheat flour, sugar, hydrogenate vegetable oil, salt, milk, added flavors PRODUCTS Biscuits, snacks confectioneries OUTPUT Transformation process is activities involving no. Of input, this adds value and transforms into output for customer. (Openlearn.open 2003) Through the transformation process various raw material used at input at Parle, which goes through the transformation process and made into biscuits, snacks confectioneries for the consumers. SWOT ANALYSIS OF PARLE PRODUCTS STRENGTH WEAKNESS Low price Irregular supply Distribution system Dependent on Parle-G brand Wide range Delivery system OPPORTUNITY THREATS Export potential Competitors (Britannia, ITC) Untapped Rural market Substitutions (toast) Retain of loyal customers Bakery products Suppliers. The above analysis reflects strength of the company lies in its low price technique, wide range of products and distribution system of Parle, opportunities prevailing are the export potential, untapped rural market, due to increase in the purchasing power of the consumer retention of loyal customers, Threats faced by Parle are from the competitors, substitutes available in the market and the bakery products whereas the weakness posses are the irregular supply, dependency on the brand Parle-G and weak delivery system to penetrate in rural areas. Babaria, M. and Dharod, M. (2009) STRATEGY Strategy adopted by any organization is develop the capabilities required to reflects the needs of the customers and market, direct how to spend key resources like time and money and to cope up with the greater level of complexity different business units are maintained in the organizations. Different types of strategy used at different levels in the organization. 1. Corporate level strategy is decided by the company where to invest the funds of the organization in order to meet the business demand of todays and the future.eg. E.g. increase in the volume of sales through sales staffing, increase in sales by increasing the number of factory floor. 2. Business unit strategy is implemented by different part of organization to achieve the desire objective in a specific market based on the present and the future market. E.g. marketing, finance, sales and marketing and operations departments. 3. Functional strategy is to maintain the key resources using the strategic and the day-to-day task. E.g. Market requirement and function of operation manger in monitoring the line of production. Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011) The word strategy signifies direction and how one should implement it. Strategies adopted by Parle are the business unit strategy where range of product is sold to identify group of customers in competitive market and functional strategy where decision of key resources such as the raw material required for the production is done on day to day basis by a operation manager to compete in the market, to expand in the market, to have an insight of the competitors. Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011). Macantosh HD:Users:pagdant:Downloads:attachments:2.png Macantosh HD:Users:pagdant:Downloads:attachments:10.png CAUSE EFFECT Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011) Process Producing mass product irrespective the taste Diminish of market share of Parle Competitors Due rise in growing Competition. Fluctuating demand Due to high competition the demand for parle product is not constant. Innovation Using same raw material over the Years PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE Performance Objectives are key measures to align the needs of the customer with the desired effectiveness of the overall business. Performance objectives are Quality, Speed, Dependability, Flexibility and Cost. Each of these dimensions adds its twist to the value proposition. Each dimension hypothetically appeals to different customers. Delivery each objective simultaneously at their highest levels of all these product attributes, operations mangers need to organize objectives based on priority, also identify which are an order winners and qualifiers of the targeted critical customers, Operation management (2012). Quality Quality is fitness for consumption in terms of meeting customers needs and desires. Quality can either be an order winner or order qualifier for customer based on the quality maintained. Quality conformance, which means to consistent delivering services based on design specification which, in turn, needs to reflect customer needs. Operation management (2012). To maintain good quality companies like Parle need to maintain and manage quality gaps. Hygiene is the precursor of every process in Parle. Every batch and confectionery is thoroughly checked by an expert staff by adopting Quality conformance level after every stage maintain similar quality throughout all nations neglecting quality control system. Cost Cost is one of the major contributions in business welfare since products that cost less but have good quality attract customers. Operation managers try to reduce costs and also maintain quality so the company profits. Operation management (2012). Parle as a company tends to maintain quality and keep a low purchase cost. Parle follows a policy of Kaizen, which means to produce more and more value with less wastage attaining better environment and developing stable process by standardization. Macantosh HD:Users:pagdant:Downloads:attachments:3.png Buthmann, A. (2010) describes that Quality cost is the Cost caused through producing of defects. Quality cost is most expensive concept used at Parle to cover the good and poor quality cost. Buthmann, A. (2010) describes that External failure is the cost associated to the external deficit of the product received by the consumer at Parle external cost is to maintain the quality cost is spend on the complaints received from consumers through online feedback, losses occurred due to reduction in sales due market acquisition by the competitors and environmental cost. Internal failure occurs before the product is delivered to the customers, not confirming to requirement of customers through the product leading to less satisfied customers, Internal quality Cost at Parle is due to shortage of raw material is due to smaller storage capacity limited to only 3 days. Buthmann, A. (2010). Appraisal cost occur in-order to maintain quality in all stages, conformance to quality standard Through Quality storage condition, maintaining Hygiene and monitoring quality by expert staff adopted at Parle. Buthmann, A. (2010). Prevention quality cost is to prevent poor quality of product is provided to consumer Buthmann, A. (2010). Parle spends in Quality improvement in staff inspection, Quality planning of new product and Quality improvement in team decision. Dependability Dependability is a degree of availability of the product when the customer needs or requires product. Operation management (2012). Parle is a multination company it deals with multiple nations it has a constant management of products regarding demand and supply. To cope with demand Parle produces 13 billion biscuits in a month. Flexibility Operations ability is to respond efficiently to changes in products, processes (including supply chain relationships), and competitive environments. Operation management (2012). Flexibility differs in companies but companies like Parle have a standardized approach and there is less change in the operations of the company. Speed It means by doing things faster to minimize the time between the order and the availability of the product to give a speed advantage to the wholesaler, retailer which ultimate the benefits to the customers. Slack, N. et al. (2004) Parle maintains their speed through their wholesalers who deliver their products to the retailers, which are finally received by the consumers. Parle maintain the speed by keeping a systematic approach to the system. POLAR DIAGRAM The polar radar chart depicts the priority of the performance objectives Slack, N. et al. (2004) in Parle. Parle as a company strives to produce the best material with minimum wastage. After quality Parle looks at customer benefit and cost management. By producing in bulk Parle maintain availability of products increasing dependability. Parle maintains standard procedure to increase operation speed. COMPETITIVE FACTORS Macantosh HD:Users:pagdant:Downloads:attachments:4.png ORDER WINNER Order winners The competitive characteristics possess by Parle are both time-specific and market-specific to Parle product are most economic since their products are starting at a price range of Rs2 Rs 25, Product range of Parle are into 3 categories Biscuits having 18 varieties of biscuit in the Indian market making them the largest biscuit manufacturer in the country. Sweets- Parle has 11 varieties of chocolate and candies in its product line-up. Snacks- fairly new to the market Parle have only 4 varieties of snacks in the market. Product design quality is initiated by Parle product by making use of automated packaging facilities and all the Parle product are manufactured under hygienic condition and maintaining quality standard at each stage of biscuits and confectioneries are thoroughly checked by expert staff using modern equipment at Parle they follow the seven HACCP principles for total quality management. Great care is exercised in the selection and quality control of raw materials; packaging materials and rigid quality standards are ensured at every stage of the manufacturing process (parleproducts, 2012) ORDER QUALIFIER Certain characteristics indicates that certain qualifiers are same for the entire market Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011), which was seen also seen in Parle competitors where delivery speed plays a crucial role in providing the product to its end consumers and packaging of the product is done to attract the customers. LESS IMPORTANT FACTORS There are certain factors at Parle, which does not affect the production of the product irrespective of the located weather it is in tier1, tier2 and tier3. Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011), Parle factory situated in teir1 and Promotion activates of Parle is not considered the unique selling point since to create hype in the market its mandatory to use various promotional activities to create awareness among consumers. ORDER WINNER ORDER QUALIFER LESS IMPORTANT FACTORS Order Winner is quality that helps companies win markets. In case of Parle policy is to strive to provide consistently nutritious and quality food products to meet customers satisfaction by using quality material and by adopting appropriate processes. Therefore Quality is an order winner for Parle. While, also producing the finest quality for customers like to sell it at convenient or cheap prices that are affordable by all people. This makes Purchase Price an order winner for Parle also. Whereas the delivery system and packaging is similar as their competitor therefore it is an order qualifier. Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011). PEOCESS Macantosh HD:Users:pagdant:Downloads:attachments:6.png Most manufacturing organisations provides standard product in high volumes. The repeat, mass production and standardization of the product indicate a need of process design that would benefit these characteristics. Batch process seems to be feasible choice as it simplifies, automate and reduces manufacturing cost. Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011). The designing of batch process can be such that it can be used and reused for manufacturing of range of products, hence enabling companies to reduce cost by investing in equipments. The downside to this process is that for manufacturing each product the process line has to be reset, it is costly and skilled officials can only make changes. Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011). At Parle manufacturing is based on batch process to manufacture their products; as mass production is possible without hampering the quality standards of the product. Being cost effective is one of the major criteria at Parle as it uses the same line to manufacture more 33 varieties of products. Parle do not make specialized product, as their main target are the masses. Standard products are expensive and not in mass production by Parle. Mass products are cheap and manufactured in large quantities. VOLUME PRODUCT VARIETY VARI Milano, Hide Seek, Bourbon. STANDARD PRODUCTS None MASS PRODUCT Parle-G, Krack-Jack, Milk Shakti. SPECIAL PRODUCTS Untitled.png Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011) argues that volume variety demonstrations relationship between the product categories and volume of the product to be produce at Parle which shows the manufacturing is based on standardize and mass production. LINE OF FIT The above graph depict the line of fit maintain by parle in order to survive in the market through the availability of the products in the range of the line of fit. Kaul, D. (2012) MANUFACTURING FLOW CHART RAW MATERIAL TESTING MIXING MOULDING BAKING COOLING PACKAGING The manufacturing process flow chart illustrates how the production process is carried at Parle, In the initial stage, Testing of raw materials is carried out, which is sent for moulding through the conveyor belt the unfinished product goes through oven for baking and then to cooling of the product and later for packaging through machines like box tapping and sealing machine and forward to dispatched section for the whole sellers to channelize to the retailer for the customers to buy. PACKAGE AND PROCESS Macantosh HD:Users:pagdant:Downloads:attachments:7.png The physical resource used for Packaging of the finished goods at Parle is done through the help of box tapping and sealing machines while facilitating packaged goods and finished product. The activities required during the process is done in front office i.e. administration room coordinating with the back office i.e. the storeroom, dispatch section and production area in addition to the process Parle also provides flow of material, information to the customers with the help of implicit service where visitors are allow to visit the factory by arranging a visit at the production section at the front office. Kaul, D. (2012) LAYOUT Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011) argues that process or functional is an arrangement of process and function at a particular area. The layout used at Parle is a process or functional layout reflecting that the layout is made in such a manner that similar operations are used in one areas where large batched of goods are produced. Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011). This type of layout is suitable for Parle where large batches of production is done with help of various functions where layout reflects the stages involved in the making of the Parle products that is the product making is started with the testing of the raw material then moulding and mixing machine goes to oven and then for cooling before going to the packaging and then finally as a finished product. Functional layout advantages 1. Wide range of products Parle as brand itself produces around 33 different varieties of products for consumption at its Parle factory at vile-Parle. 2. Lower capital cost -The infrastructure at Parle used for the production i.e. the autonomous machine helps in reduce the capital cost incurred in making of the product. 3. Utilization of processes since all the resource used in the making of the Parle product are group in the factory itself helps in proper utilization of all resources e.g. Equipments and skilled staff. Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011) Functional layout disadvantages 1. In-process inventories at Parle are the cost of the direct material, direct labour, and factory overhead placed into the products on the factory floor. 2. Material handling can be costly and inefficient handling of inventories at Parle are costlier since storeroom are made to accommodate these inventories in proper conditions, which add to the cost and are inefficient when the sales revenue is not up to projected mark. Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011) The production process followed at Parle is Repeat (standard) Product where the making of product is done a repetitive basis designed for functional layout where high volume of production is done using batch and mass production. INVENTORY Inventory comprises of the input which is part of the unfinished goods goes through various operational process stages know as work in progress for a desired output in the form of finished products to sold to the customers. Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011) The inventory type adopted by Parle is the process inventory where the raw material for 3 days is store in the warehouse from where they are sends for testing the raw material weather it is meeting required standards for the production. After testing raw materials are sent for production. Where the raw material goes through various stages of baking and cooling and shifted to the dispatched room where they are stored and delivered to their distributors and the end customers. The raw material used in the product can be stored roughly for 3 days because the plant is designed in such a way that the raw material cannot be stored more than 3 days. INVENTORY FLOW CHART STORE ROOM WORK IN PROGRESS SUPPLIER DISPATCHED SECTION CUSTOMERS The inventory flow chart depicts the form of inventory present throughout the three-process stages i.e. input, operation process and output at Parle. The inventory such as raw material like wheat flour, sugar, hydrogenate vegetable oil, salt, milk and added flavours are stored in the store room from where they used in the process stages for the manufacturing of biscuits, sent to the dispatched section where the packaging takes place and distributed to the wholesaler and then to retailers for the end consumers. Due to limited duration of the storage capacity there are certain issues that have to be dealt such as to meet the global requirement and the diminishing demand for the products from local markets. SUPPLY CHAIN Before maintaining the supply chain has to decide whether to make the raw material or buy the material. Every manufacturing unit has different benefits if they make in-house / outsource. Advantages for making in house are that company has more control over the material it is more flexible and last minute adjustments are possible. The advantages of outsourcing are that cost is easier to manage and increases focus on final product. In case of Parle, raw material is outsourced and the final product is made in house. This is depicted through their supply chain. Supply Chain comprises all the steps required to supply a service or product to a customer. Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011). Parle has many products, which have multiple raw material requirements. Multiple suppliers of provide these materials as their tier 1 supplier. Tier 1 supplier such as Godrej, Gurgaon Sugar Mill, Kopoli Flour mill, Wallace Flour Mill and Ahmed Bhai Sugar Mill. Tier 1 Tier 1 Godrej sugar mills Tier 2 Tier 3 Retailor Wholesaler Final Customer Kopoli flourmill INTERNAL OPERATIONS Retailor Wallace Flour mill Wholesaler Ahmedbhai sugar mill WHOLESALER, Retailor CUSTOMER INTERNAL SUPPLY CHAIN PROCESS SUPPLIER Delay in Inventory The above figure reflects how inventory at parle are buffered and maintained at each stage through the gap in the supply chain. But with proper co-ordination with the activities in the supply chain helps parle to build a products design, customer management and final delivery of the product to be consumed. Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011) Conclusion The report covers Distinctive features of Parle operation process through operation analysis of the organisation by taking an overview on the potency of distribution system and lower price advantage of Parle over it competitors, tremendous measure are taken to maintain quality and at the same time be cost effective, which can be reflected from their quality control methods and the way factory is designed to carry out operations and buffer their inventory through various stages of the operations and maintaining integrated supply chain management with the coordination of their suppliers parle develop a products design, customer management and final delivery of the product to be consumed, with the help of analysis carried out on parle we were able to identify the operational problems and provided with appropriate recommendation, which has assisted our group to know the functioning of an operation management and how the operational surrounding play a vital role in manufacturing of a prod uct or service delivered to a customers, which was the motive of our assignment. Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011) RECOMMENDATION TYPE OF PROBLEM RECOMMENDATION A) STRATEGY MARKET SOLUTION Fluctuating in the demand. Rise in competition, Lack of innovative ideas (Same Use of raw material.) Diminish market share of parle. Parle should invest in capacity or inventory for fluctuating demand. Parle can improvement by using passive or proactive approach for better innovation and sustenance against rise in competitions. Parle should Constantly compare their order-losing sensitive qualifiers with their competitors, since a slight change in the environment can cause them to start losing market share. B) PROCESS PERFORMANCE SOLUTION Lack of flexibility Costlier to maintain the equipments Reset of process line. Operation volumes. Quality conformance level after every stage. There should be constant change in operation for better improvements. Equipments, which are not essential should be should out or should be leased rather buying the equipments. Different operation should be maintained line for different range of product instead of reset after the end of the every process. Reduction in depletion and the changeover and set-up times for manufacturing process. To maintain the operation volume labour and material should be properly utilised. Parle should build control system rather than conformance at each stage C) INVENTORY SOLUTION Cost of in-process inventory Handling of inventory Storage capacity Holding of inventory To reduce cost of the inventory Casual analysis should be done and inventory should be group into corporate, decoupling, cycle, pipeline and buffer for better handling and increase in the storage capacity to hold the inventory. D) SUPPLY SOLUTION Fluctuation cost of raw material E.g. sugar. Maintaining loyal suppliers due rise in demand. Slow technological up gradation compared to competitors. Parle should adopt the release cash method where they should delay the payment to suppliers leading to improvisation in operation. Build better relationship for constant supply of raw material, which will help to maintain loyal suppliers. To avoid cost on up-gradation of the technology it should be outsourced. Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011)